{"id":31,"date":"2025-09-30T14:40:18","date_gmt":"2025-09-30T12:40:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.motorika.sk\/blog\/?p=31"},"modified":"2025-10-28T14:41:57","modified_gmt":"2025-10-28T13:41:57","slug":"motorika-a-dysgrafia-skore-signaly-a-podpora","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.motorika.sk\/blog\/2025\/09\/30\/motorika-a-dysgrafia-skore-signaly-a-podpora\/","title":{"rendered":"Motorika a dysgrafia: skor\u00e9 sign\u00e1ly a podpora"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Dysgrafia nie je \u201e\u0161kared\u00e9 p\u00edsmo\u201c. Je to pretrv\u00e1vaj\u00faca \u0165a\u017ekos\u0165 so <strong>z\u00e1pisom<\/strong> \u2013 p\u00edsmen\u00e1 sa l\u00e1mu, tempo je ne\u00famerne pomal\u00e9, ruka sa r\u00fdchlo unav\u00ed a die\u0165a m\u00ed\u0148a ve\u013ea energie na samotn\u00fd \u0165ah, tak\u017ee mu u\u017e nezost\u00e1va na <strong>obsah<\/strong>. Za \u0165a\u017ekos\u0165ami \u010dasto stoja \u201ez\u00e1klady\u201c: stred tela, poloha ruky, koordin\u00e1cia oko\u2013ruka, d\u00e1vkovanie sily. Dobr\u00e1 spr\u00e1va? Mnoh\u00e9 sa d\u00e1 zachyti\u0165 a podpori\u0165 <strong>sk\u00f4r, ne\u017e sa p\u00edsanie stane zdrojom stresu<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Skor\u00e9 sign\u00e1ly pod\u013ea veku (orienta\u010dne, nie n\u00e1lepky)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>V <strong>pred\u0161kolskom veku<\/strong> sa opakuje siln\u00fd tlak, r\u00fdchla \u00fanava prstov, vyh\u00fdbanie sa kresleniu, \u0165a\u017ekosti udr\u017ea\u0165 <strong>kruh, kr\u00ed\u017e, vlnu<\/strong> a plynulo kop\u00edrova\u0165 v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ie tvary. Pri stole \u010dasto \u201elietaj\u00fa\u201c nohy, predlaktie nie je opret\u00e9 a z\u00e1p\u00e4stie sa l\u00e1me. V <strong>1.\u20132. ro\u010dn\u00edku<\/strong> sa prid\u00e1va ve\u013ek\u00e9 kol\u00edsanie ve\u013ekosti p\u00edsmen, prepisovanie bez zlep\u0161enia, ve\u013emi pomal\u00e9 tempo p\u00edsania, \u010dast\u00e9 chyby aj pri zn\u00e1mych slov\u00e1ch, boles\u0165 ruky u\u017e po p\u00e1r riadkoch. V <strong>3.\u20134. ro\u010dn\u00edku<\/strong> die\u0165a p\u00ed\u0161e extr\u00e9mne pomaly alebo sa p\u00edsmo \u201erozpad\u00e1\u201c so zvy\u0161uj\u00facou sa \u00fanavou; \u010dasto vid\u00edme rozdiel medzi rozpr\u00e1van\u00edm (bohat\u00e9) a nap\u00edsan\u00fdm textom (chudobn\u00fd \u2013 energia padla do \u0165ahov).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tieto znaky samy osebe <strong>nie s\u00fa diagn\u00f3za<\/strong>. S\u00fa to maj\u00e1ky, \u017ee sa oplat\u00ed pozrie\u0165 na <strong>motorick\u00e9 a senzorick\u00e9 z\u00e1klady<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Pre\u010do motorika rozhoduje<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Plynul\u00fd z\u00e1pis stoj\u00ed na \u0161tyroch pilieroch: <strong>stred tela<\/strong> (sed vydr\u017e\u00ed), <strong>stabiln\u00e9 rameno a lake\u0165<\/strong> (ruka k\u013a\u017ee), <strong>uvo\u013enen\u00e9 z\u00e1p\u00e4stie a presn\u00e9 prsty<\/strong> (jemn\u00e1 motorika), <strong>oko, ktor\u00e9 vedie ruku<\/strong> (vizuomotorika). Ak niektor\u00fd pilier ch\u00fdba, die\u0165a nahr\u00e1dza silou: tla\u010d\u00ed, zviera ceruzku, d\u00fdcha plytko a po troch vet\u00e1ch je hotov\u00e9. Aj preto sa podpora pri dysgrafii neza\u010d\u00edna pracovn\u00fdmi listami, ale <strong>telom a n\u00e1vykmi<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">R\u00fdchly skr\u00edning doma\/vo \u0161kole<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Pozrite sa na tri kr\u00e1tke situ\u00e1cie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Sed:<\/strong> s\u00fa chodidl\u00e1 na zemi, predlaktie opret\u00e9, papier mierne nato\u010den\u00fd? Ak nie, u\u017e len \u00faprava posedu zlep\u0161\u00ed tlak a tvar.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Ve\u013ek\u00e9 \u0165ahy:<\/strong> zvl\u00e1dne die\u0165a na tabuli urobi\u0165 10 pomal\u00fdch kruhov rovnakou ve\u013ekos\u0165ou? Ak \u201el\u00e1me\u201c z\u00e1p\u00e4stie alebo d\u00fdcha r\u00fdchlo, ch\u00fdba plynulos\u0165 zdola.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Tlak:<\/strong> na jednom p\u00e1se papiera sk\u00faste tieniovanie od tmavej po svetl\u00fa. Ak je iba \u201e\u010dierna\u201c, nevie d\u00e1vkova\u0165 silu; ak je stopa bled\u00e1, ceruzka sa len \u201evoz\u00ed\u201c.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>V\u00fdsledok si nehodno\u0165te zn\u00e1mkou; je to <strong>mapa<\/strong>, kde (a ako jednoducho) za\u010da\u0165.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Podpora bez stresu: \u010do m\u00e1 zmysel robi\u0165 denne 10\u201315 min\u00fat<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Za\u010dnite <strong>vo ve\u013ekom<\/strong> a skon\u010dite <strong>v malom<\/strong>. Na zvislej ploche (okno, tabu\u013ea) pomal\u00e9 d\u00e1\u017e\u010fov\u00e9 \u010diary, kruhy, osmi\u010dky. Potom na stole <strong>cesti\u010dky<\/strong> (vediem stopu bez vych\u00e1dzania), <strong>bod\u2013bod<\/strong> (spoj\u00edm dva body rovno alebo obl\u00fakom), <strong>slu\u010dky<\/strong> a k\u00fasok <strong>tieniovania<\/strong>. Pou\u017e\u00edvajte <strong>kr\u00e1tke trojhrann\u00e9 ceruzky\/voskovky<\/strong>; dlh\u00e9 n\u00e1stroje zv\u00e1dzaj\u00fa k p\u00e4sti. Ka\u017ed\u00fdch p\u00e1r min\u00fat minikr\u00e1tka pauza: uvo\u013eni\u0165 prsty, nad\u00fdchnu\u0165 nosom, otrias\u0165 rukou. \u00daspech chv\u00e1\u013ete slovami o <strong>kontrole<\/strong> (\u201espomalil si v z\u00e1krute\u201c, \u201ezmenil si tlak\u201c), nie o kr\u00e1se.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Druh\u00fd pilier je <strong>telo<\/strong>: most\u00edky, ma\u010dka\u2013krava, plazenie cez vank\u00fa\u0161e, ch\u00f4dza po \u010diare, pren\u00e1\u0161anie \u0165a\u017e\u0161ej veci oboma rukami. Silnej\u0161\u00ed stred = pokojnej\u0161ia ruka.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u00dachop, tlak, tempo \u2013 tri mal\u00e9 prep\u00edna\u010de<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u00dachop:<\/strong> pri probl\u00e9moch zme\u0148te m\u00e9dium (voskovka, trojhrann\u00fd grafit), skr\u00e1\u0165te n\u00e1stroj na polovicu a ozna\u010dte miesto prstov <strong>bodkou<\/strong>.<br><strong>Tlak:<\/strong> tr\u00e9nujte \u201eod tmy po svetlo\u201c, pr\u00edpadne kreslenie cez text\u00faru (list pod papierom). Vertik\u00e1la automaticky zjemn\u00ed stisk.<br><strong>Tempo:<\/strong> zav\u00e1dzajte <strong>pauzu<\/strong>: bodka = stop. Die\u0165a c\u00edti, \u017ee plynulos\u0165 vznik\u00e1 z rytmu, nie z r\u00fdchlosti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u00dapravy v \u0161kole, ktor\u00e9 nie s\u00fa \u201e\u00fa\u013eavy\u201c, ale f\u00e9rov\u00e9 podmienky<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Mierne <strong>nato\u010den\u00fd papier<\/strong>, <strong>hrub\u0161\u00ed<\/strong> alebo hlad\u0161\u00ed papier pod\u013ea tlaku, mo\u017enos\u0165 p\u00edsa\u0165 <strong>perom s \u013eahk\u00fdm \u0165ahom<\/strong> alebo m\u00e4kk\u00fdm grafitom, kr\u00e1tke <strong>mikroprest\u00e1vky<\/strong> na uvo\u013enenie ruky, ob\u010dasn\u00e9 <strong>diktovanie do tabletu<\/strong> alebo doplnenie odpovede <strong>tla\u010den\u00fdm p\u00edsmom<\/strong>. Pri dlh\u0161\u00edch zadaniach m\u00e1 zmysel oddeli\u0165 <strong>obsah<\/strong> (vedomosti) od <strong>formy z\u00e1pisu<\/strong> \u2013 die\u0165a m\u00f4\u017ee \u00fastne vysvetli\u0165, \u010do vie, a p\u00edsa\u0165 menej riadkov.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Kedy vyh\u013eada\u0165 odborn\u00edkov (a koho)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Ak sa \u0165a\u017ekosti dr\u017eia napriek pravidelnej dom\u00e1cej pr\u00e1ci, obr\u00e1\u0165te sa na <strong>ergoterapeuta<\/strong> (\u00fachop, vizuomotorika, n\u00e1vyky pri p\u00edsan\u00ed) a pod\u013ea potreby na <strong>fyzioterapeuta<\/strong> (stred tela, sed). V \u0161kole\/\u0161k\u00f4lke pom\u00f4\u017ee <strong>pedagogicko-psychologick\u00e1 porad\u0148a (CPP\/CPPPaP)<\/strong> \u2013 zhodnot\u00ed profil die\u0165a\u0165a a nastav\u00ed <strong>podporn\u00e9 opatrenia<\/strong>. Skor\u00fd z\u00e1sah \u0161etr\u00ed nervy die\u0165a\u0165a aj dospel\u00fdch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Mal\u00fd t\u00fd\u017edenn\u00fd pl\u00e1n (prisp\u00f4sobte pod\u013ea veku)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Po:<\/strong> ve\u013ek\u00e9 kruhy a osmi\u010dky na okne + 3 min. cesti\u010dky.<br><strong>Ut:<\/strong> tieniovanie tmav\u00e9\u2192svetl\u00e9, potom bod\u2013bod r\u00f4znymi smermi.<br><strong>St:<\/strong> posilnenie stredu (most\u00edky, plazenie) + kr\u00e1tke kreslenie vo vertik\u00e1le.<br><strong>\u0160t:<\/strong> slu\u010dky na dlhom p\u00e1se + \u201eparkovanie\u201c na bodke (zastav\u00edm \u0165ah).<br><strong>Pi:<\/strong> vo\u013en\u00e1 kresba s cie\u013eom \u201emenej tlaku\u201c + 2 min. uvo\u013enenie ruky.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Jazyk, ktor\u00fd pom\u00e1ha<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Namiesto \u201ep\u00ed\u0161 pekne\u201c sk\u00faste: <strong>\u201epomaly a\u017e po ro\u017etek\u201c<\/strong>, <strong>\u201ez\u013eahka ako pierko\u201c<\/strong>, <strong>\u201ezastav na semafore\u201c<\/strong>. Ciele nech s\u00fa <strong>konkr\u00e9tne a merate\u013en\u00e9<\/strong>: dva rovnak\u00e9 kruhy, tri pomal\u00e9 vlny, jeden riadok bez diera v papieri. Die\u0165a potrebuje za\u017ei\u0165 kontrolu, nie porovn\u00e1vanie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Zhrnutie<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Dysgrafia nie je len \u0161kolsk\u00fd probl\u00e9m \u2013 je to <strong>motoricko-senzorick\u00e1 v\u00fdzva<\/strong>, ktor\u00fa vieme cielene podpori\u0165. Ke\u010f nastav\u00edme <strong>sed<\/strong>, posiln\u00edme <strong>stred<\/strong>, zjemn\u00edme <strong>\u00fachop a tlak<\/strong> a d\u00e1me p\u00edsaniu <strong>r\u00fatinu v mal\u00fdch d\u00e1vkach<\/strong>, p\u00edsmo sa st\u00e1va \u010ditate\u013enej\u0161\u00edm a menej \u00fanavn\u00fdm. Ak treba, zapojte odborn\u00edkov a upravte podmienky v \u0161kole tak, aby die\u0165a uk\u00e1zalo <strong>to, \u010do vie<\/strong>, nie len to, \u010do stihne nap\u00edsa\u0165.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Dysgrafia nie je \u201e\u0161kared\u00e9 p\u00edsmo\u201c. Je to pretrv\u00e1vaj\u00faca \u0165a\u017ekos\u0165 so z\u00e1pisom \u2013 p\u00edsmen\u00e1 sa l\u00e1mu, tempo je ne\u00famerne pomal\u00e9, ruka sa r\u00fdchlo unav\u00ed a die\u0165a m\u00ed\u0148a ve\u013ea energie na samotn\u00fd \u0165ah, tak\u017ee mu u\u017e nezost\u00e1va na obsah. Za \u0165a\u017ekos\u0165ami \u010dasto stoja \u201ez\u00e1klady\u201c: stred tela, poloha ruky, koordin\u00e1cia oko\u2013ruka, d\u00e1vkovanie sily. Dobr\u00e1 spr\u00e1va? Mnoh\u00e9 sa d\u00e1 zachyti\u0165 a podpori\u0165 sk\u00f4r, ne\u017e sa p\u00edsanie stane zdrojom stresu.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":32,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-31","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-nezaradene"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.motorika.sk\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/31","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.motorika.sk\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.motorika.sk\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.motorika.sk\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.motorika.sk\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=31"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.motorika.sk\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/31\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":33,"href":"https:\/\/www.motorika.sk\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/31\/revisions\/33"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.motorika.sk\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/32"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.motorika.sk\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=31"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.motorika.sk\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=31"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.motorika.sk\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=31"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}